Torge et al. (2023) Geodesy (5th edn)

2023-07-05
#Geodesy #Book

Torge W, Müller J, Pail R. (2023). Geodesy (5th edn). de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110723304

Content

1 Introduction

1.1 Definition of geodesy

1.2 The objective of geodesy

1.3 Historical development of geodesy

  • 1.3.1 The spherical Earth model
  • 1.3.2 The ellipsoidal Earth model
  • 1.3.3 The geoid, arc measurements, and national geodetic surveys
  • 1.3.4 Three-dimensional geodesy
  • 1.3.5 Four-dimensional geodesy

1.4 Organization of geodesy, international collaboration

2 Reference Systems and Reference Frames

2.1 Basic units and constants

2.2 Time systems

  • 2.2.1 Atomic time, dynamical time systems
  • 2.2.2 Sidereal and Universal Time

2.3 Reference coordinate systems: fundamentals

  • 2.3.1 Celestial Reference System
  • 2.3.2 Precession, nutation
  • 2.3.3 Terrestrial reference system
  • 2.3.4 Polar motion, Earth rotation

2.4 International reference systems and reference frames

  • 2.4.1 International Celestial Reference System and Frame
  • 2.4.2 International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame
  • 2.4.3 Transformation between terrestrial and celestial reference systems, Earth orientation parameters
  • 2.4.4 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

2.5 Local level systems

2.6 Geodetic datum

3 The Gravity Field of the Earth

3.1 Fundamentals of gravity field theory

  • 3.1.1 Gravitation, gravitational potential
  • 3.1.2 Gravitation of a spherically symmetric Earth
  • 3.1.3 Properties of the gravitational potential
  • 3.1.4 Centrifugal acceleration, centrifugal potential
  • 3.1.5 Gravity acceleration, gravity potential

3.2 Geometry of the gravity field

  • 3.2.1 Level surfaces and plumb lines
  • 3.2.2 Local gravity field representation
  • 3.2.3 Natural coordinates

3.3 Spherical harmonic expansion of the gravitational potential

  • 3.3.1 Expansion of the reciprocal distance
  • 3.3.2 Expansion of the gravitational potential
  • 3.3.3 Geometrical interpretation of the surface spherical harmonics
  • 3.3.4 Physical interpretation of the spherical harmonic coefficients
  • 3.3.5 Degree variances

3.4 The geoid

  • 3.4.1 Definition of the geoid
  • 3.4.2 Mean sea level and mean dynamic topography

3.5 Heights

  • 3.5.1 Geopotential number
  • 3.5.2 Dynamic heights
  • 3.5.3 Orthometric heights
  • 3.5.4 Normal heights
  • 3.5.5 Normal-orthometric heights

3.6 Alternatives for height determination

  • 3.6.1 Trigonometric heights
  • 3.6.2 Heights from GNSS
  • 3.6.3 Height determination by high-precision clocks

3.7 Global unification of height systems

3.8 Temporal gravity variations

  • 3.8.1 Gravitational constant, Earth rotation
  • 3.8.2 Tidal acceleration, tidal potential
  • 3.8.3 Earth tides and tidal loading
  • 3.8.4 Non-tidal temporal gravity variations

4 The Geodetic Earth Model

4.1 The rotational ellipsoid

  • 4.1.1 Parameters and coordinate systems
  • 4.1.2 Curvature
  • 4.1.3 Spatial geodetic coordinates

4.2 The normal gravity field

  • 4.2.1 The level ellipsoid, level spheroids
  • 4.2.2 The normal gravity field of the level ellipsoid
  • 4.2.3 Geometry of the normal gravity field

4.3 Geodetic reference systems, optimum Earth model

5 Measurement Methods

5.1 Atmospheric refraction

  • 5.1.1 Fundamentals
  • 5.1.2 Tropospheric refraction
  • 5.1.3 Ionospheric refraction

5.2 Satellite observations

  • 5.2.1 Observation equations for satellite and terrestrial measurements
  • 5.2.2 Undisturbed satellite motion
  • 5.2.3 Perturbed satellite motion
  • 5.2.4 Artificial Earth satellites
  • 5.2.5 Direction, range, and range-rate (Doppler, DORIS) measurements
  • 5.2.6 Global navigation satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and Others)
  • 5.2.7 Laser distance measurements
  • 5.2.8 Satellite altimetry
  • 5.2.9 Satellite gravity missions

5.3 Geodetic astronomy

  • 5.3.1 Optical observation instruments
  • 5.3.2 Astronomic positioning and azimuth determination
  • 5.3.3 Reductions
  • 5.3.4 Very Long Baseline Interferometry

5.4 Gravimetry

  • 5.4.1 Absolute gravity measurements
  • 5.4.2 Quantum gravimetry
  • 5.4.3 Relative gravity measurements
  • 5.4.4 Gravity reference systems and gravity standard
  • 5.4.5 Gravity measurements on moving platforms
  • 5.4.6 Gravity gradiometry
  • 5.4.7 Continuous gravity measurements

5.5 Terrestrial geodetic measurements

  • 5.5.1 Horizontal and vertical angle measurements
  • 5.5.2 Distance measurements, total stations
  • 5.5.3 Inertial surveying, underwater acoustic positioning
  • 5.5.4 Leveling
  • 5.5.5 Tilt and strain measurements
  • 5.5.6 Laser gyroscopes

6 Methods of Gravity Field Determination

6.1 Residual gravity field

  • 6.1.1 Disturbing potential, height anomaly, geoid height
  • 6.1.2 Gravity disturbance, gravity anomaly, deflection of the vertical
  • 6.1.3 The geodetic boundary-value problem

6.2 Spherical harmonic expansion of derived quantities

6.3 Statistical description of the gravity field, interpolation

6.4 Fundamentals of gravity field modeling

  • 6.4.1 Gravitation of topography, digital elevation models
  • 6.4.2 Gravity reductions to the geoid
  • 6.4.3 Orientation and scale of gravity field models

6.5 Local and regional gravity field modeling

  • 6.5.1 Astrogeodetic geoid and quasigeoid determination
  • 6.5.2 Gravimetric geoid heights and deflections of the vertical: integral formulas
  • 6.5.3 Gravimetric height anomalies and surface deflections of the vertical
  • 6.5.4 Least-squares collocation
  • 6.5.5 Alternative regional gravity modeling methods

6.6 Global gravity field modeling

  • 6.6.1 Global gravity field modeling methods
  • 6.6.2 “Satellite-only” gravity field models
  • 6.6.3 Combined (high-resolution) gravity field models
  • 6.6.4 Topographic gravity field models

7 Geodetic and Gravimetric Networks

7.1 Horizontal control networks

7.2 Vertical control networks

7.3 Three-dimensional networks

7.4 Gravity networks

8 Structure and Dynamics of the Earth

8.1 The geophysical Earth model

8.2 The upper layers of the Earth

  • 8.2.1 Structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle
  • 8.2.2 Isostasy
  • 8.2.3 Plate tectonics
  • 8.2.4 Interpretation of the gravity field

8.3 Geodesy and recent geodynamics

  • 8.3.1 Geophysical processes and effects on geodetic products
  • 8.3.2 Changes in Earth rotation
  • 8.3.3 Sea-level variations
  • 8.3.4 Crustal deformation
  • 8.3.5 Temporal gravity field variations caused by geodynamic processes

9 Geodesy: Challenges and Future Perspectives

9.1 Challenges and goals

9.2 Scientific challenges and future perspectives

  • 9.2.1 Technological development of observing systems
  • 9.2.2 Methodology, analysis, and modeling
  • 9.2.3 Data products and applications

9.3 Conclusions and outlook

References

Index